“脫歐”兩周年，英國(guó)現(xiàn)在還好嗎？關(guān)于“脫歐”的最全知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)！
2016年6月23日，英國(guó)人用一場(chǎng)浩浩蕩蕩的公投，正式?jīng)Q定與歐盟（European Union）分道揚(yáng)鑣。
兩年后的6月23日，上萬(wàn)名反對(duì)“脫歐”（anti-Brexit）的抗議者涌上了倫敦街頭，呼吁這個(gè)國(guó)家重新做出選擇。
英國(guó)人究竟怎么看待“脫歐”兩周年呢？快戳下面這個(gè)視頻，看看他們是怎么說(shuō)的！
點(diǎn)擊圖片觀看視頻
其實(shí)，“脫歐”這個(gè)詞不只是近幾年才進(jìn)入大家視野的，早在2013年，英國(guó)時(shí)任首相戴維·卡梅倫（David Cameron）就提出了“脫歐”的概念。那么英國(guó)是如何一步步走向今天的呢？
雙語(yǔ)君（微信ID：Chinadaily_Mobile）精心為你整理了關(guān)于“脫歐”的必備知識(shí)，帶你一起看懂英國(guó)“脫歐”兩周年。
2013.01.22 首相卡梅倫首次提及“脫歐”
2013年1月22日當(dāng)天，戴維·卡梅倫針對(duì)英國(guó)與歐盟的關(guān)系發(fā)表了他準(zhǔn)備已久的演講。
BBC的報(bào)道中提到：
Mr Cameron said he planned to renegotiate parts of the UK's relationship with Europe and put that changed membership package to the British people in an in-out referendum after the next general election, by the end of 2017.
他計(jì)劃在2017年底之前重新針對(duì)英國(guó)與歐洲關(guān)系進(jìn)行談判，并且如果成功連任，將舉行全民公投。
為什么他會(huì)發(fā)表這樣一番言論呢？
Mr Cameron had been facing mounting pressure from within the Eurosceptic ranks of his own Conservative Party, and the UK Independence Party, which is unhappy with the current relationship between the UK and the European Union. For months now, the promise has been that these questions will all be answered in a big speech.
因?yàn)榭穫愒谧约旱谋Ｊ攸h和英國(guó)獨(dú)立黨中面臨越來(lái)越大的壓力，議員們對(duì)目前英國(guó)和歐盟之間的關(guān)系感到不滿。數(shù)月以來(lái)，卡梅倫只能保證這個(gè)問(wèn)題將在一個(gè)演講中得到回答。
果不其然，他話音剛落就遭到了歐盟成員國(guó)們的強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)。
2015年5月8日，卡梅倫成功連任首相（serve for another term of office），英國(guó)女王也在19天后宣布了“歐盟公投法案”（EU Referendum Bill），正式確認(rèn)了英國(guó)脫歐公投。這場(chǎng)被稱(chēng)作“Brexit”的風(fēng)暴，從此拉開(kāi)序幕。
2016.02.20 內(nèi)閣確認(rèn)公投日期
卡梅倫在歐盟峰會(huì)后召開(kāi)內(nèi)閣會(huì)議（Cabinet meeting），并且告訴英國(guó)民眾：
“I will go to Parliament and propose that the British people decide our future in Europe through an in-out referendum on Thursday, 23 June.”
“我將向議會(huì)提議，讓英國(guó)人民在6月23日星期四通過(guò)一個(gè)是走還是留的公民投票來(lái)決定我們?cè)跉W洲的未來(lái)?！?/p>
隨之而來(lái)的一個(gè)月，公投進(jìn)入了準(zhǔn)備期。
而在舉行投票的前一個(gè)月，卡梅倫現(xiàn)身英國(guó)城市威特尼（Witney），他改變了自己的立場(chǎng)站在了“留歐”的一邊，舉行了“反脫歐集會(huì)”（anti-Brexit March）。
2016.06.23 正式舉行全民公投
Britain is this morning heading out of the European Union after a historic referendum vote for “Out” stunned the world.
當(dāng)日早上，英國(guó)在歷史性的投票中決定離開(kāi)歐盟，這一消息震驚了世界。
The ultra-narrow margin of victory of 52 percent to 48 percent left the nation split down the middle and triggered Prime Minister David Cameron’s resignation.
51.9%對(duì)48.1%的小勝使得這個(gè)國(guó)家陷入了中間分裂的狀態(tài)，首相卡梅倫也因此辭職。
英國(guó)脫歐經(jīng)過(guò)了3年的醞釀，終于在這一天做出了選擇。
英國(guó)脫歐兩周年大事記
▼ 2017.03.29
Theresa May triggers Article 50, which starts the clock on the process of the UK leaving the EU after she became prime minister
特蕾莎·梅在出任英國(guó)首相后啟動(dòng)了《里斯本條約》第50條款，英國(guó)脫歐開(kāi)始倒計(jì)時(shí)。
▼ 2017.06.26
Formal negotiations on withdrawal begin between the UK and the EU.
英國(guó)關(guān)于脫歐與歐盟開(kāi)始正式談判，談判的三個(gè)重點(diǎn)是公民權(quán)利、分手費(fèi)和南北愛(ài)爾蘭實(shí)際邊境問(wèn)題。
▼ 2017.12.15
The EU agrees to move on to the second phase of negotiations after an agreement is reached on the Brexit “divorce bill”, Irish border, and EU citizens' rights.
歐盟同意就英國(guó)脫歐第一階段談判達(dá)成協(xié)議后進(jìn)入第二階段。
▼ 2018.03.19
The UK and the EU take decisive steps in their negotiations. Agreements include dates for a transitional period after Brexit day, the status of EU citizens in the UK before and after that time, and a policy concerning fishing rights.
英國(guó)和歐盟在談判中采取決定性步驟。協(xié)議包括英國(guó)脫歐之后的過(guò)渡期，歐盟公民在此之前和之后的地位以及涉及捕魚(yú)業(yè)的相關(guān)政策。
▼ 2019.03.29
Brexit day – The UK will end its membership of the European Union at 11 pm local time and enter a transitional period.
退歐日——英國(guó)將于格林威治標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)間2019年3月29日晚23:00正式退出歐盟并進(jìn)入過(guò)渡期
▼ 2020.12.31
The transitional period is due to end and the new economic and political relationship between the UK and the EU will begin.
過(guò)渡期結(jié)束，英國(guó)和歐盟之間新的經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治關(guān)系將開(kāi)始。
英國(guó)脫歐關(guān)鍵詞
《里斯本條約》第50條款 Article 50
英國(guó)脫歐的第一步，就是觸發(fā)《里斯本條約》的第50條款。
《衛(wèi)報(bào)》在報(bào)道中說(shuō)：
It’s only 250 words long but it has instantly become the defining clause in a war of words between Britain and the EU.
它只有區(qū)區(qū)250字，但卻成為了英國(guó)和歐盟口水戰(zhàn)中的界定條款。
Article 50 says: “Any member state may decide to withdraw from the union in accordance with its own constitutional requirements.”
第50條中有一條寫(xiě)道：“任何成員國(guó)都可以根據(jù)自己的體制要求選擇退出（歐洲）聯(lián)盟?！?/p>
It gives the leaving country two years to negotiate an exit deal and once it's set in motion it can't be stopped except by unanimous consent of all member states.
它給決定離開(kāi)的國(guó)家兩年時(shí)間談判退出協(xié)議，一旦條款被觸發(fā)，除非得到所有成員國(guó)的一致同意，否則不能停止。
No country had previously invoked article 50.
此前，沒(méi)有任何（歐盟）成員國(guó)啟動(dòng)過(guò)該條款。
《歐盟退出法案》（舊稱(chēng)《廢除條約草案》，Great Repeal Bill）
It's crunch time for the government's EU Withdrawal Bill - the bill that aims to ensure European law will no longer apply in the UK after Brexit.
所謂的《歐盟退出法案》——就是一個(gè)確保英國(guó)脫歐后不再適用歐洲法律的法案。
All existing EU legislation will be copied across into domestic UK law to ensure a smooth transition on the day after Brexit.
所有現(xiàn)有的歐盟立法都將被復(fù)制到英國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)法律中，以確保退歐后的順利過(guò)渡。
簡(jiǎn)單來(lái)說(shuō)，這一法案是要確保英國(guó)不會(huì)把原有適用于歐盟的法律帶入脫歐后，從而建立屬于英國(guó)自己的法律法制。
除此以外，英國(guó)還聲明要在脫歐后退出單一市場(chǎng)和關(guān)稅同盟。那么這兩個(gè)詞又是什么意思呢？
單一市場(chǎng) Single Market
The European Union's single market is perhaps the most ambitious type of trade cooperation because, in addition to eliminating tariffs, quotas, or taxes on trade, it also includes the free movement of goods, services, capital, and people.
歐盟的單一市場(chǎng)也許是最雄心勃勃的貿(mào)易合作。它不但取消關(guān)稅、配額和貿(mào)易稅外，還包括著貨物、服務(wù)、資本和人員的自由流動(dòng)。
A single market strives to remove so-called "non-tariff barriers" - different rules on packaging, safety, and standards – and many other rules are also abolished with common rules and regulations applying across the area.
單一市場(chǎng)力圖消除“非關(guān)稅壁壘” ——關(guān)于包裝、安全和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的不同規(guī)定，也有許多其他規(guī)定被廢除，它讓整個(gè)領(lǐng)域都適用相同的規(guī)則和條例。
關(guān)稅同盟 Customs Union
The EU is not only a single market - it is also a customs union.
歐盟不僅是一個(gè)單一市場(chǎng)——它也是一個(gè)關(guān)稅同盟。
The countries have clubbed together and agreed to apply the same tariffs to goods that originate outside the union.
成員國(guó)們一致向來(lái)自歐盟外的貨品征取相同的關(guān)稅。
Once goods have cleared customs in one country, they can be shipped to others in the union without further tariffs being imposed.
一旦貨品在一個(gè)成員國(guó)入關(guān)后，就可以免稅進(jìn)入其他成員國(guó)。
英國(guó)脫歐有何意義
? 脫歐對(duì)于英國(guó)和歐洲意味著什么？
Critics of Brexit say the UK deciding to go off on its own could create widespread job losses and economic uncertainty. Those advocating Brexit say breaking free will mean the nation can reduce taxes paid by its citizens and reduce the burden of immigration.
持批判觀點(diǎn)的人認(rèn)為，如果英國(guó)決定脫歐，可能會(huì)造成廣泛的失業(yè)和經(jīng)濟(jì)不確定性。然而，支持脫歐的人聲稱(chēng)，通過(guò)脫歐，國(guó)家可以減少其公民的稅收并減輕移民帶來(lái)的負(fù)擔(dān)。
The EU is Great Britain’s largest trading partner. When the UK leaves the 28-nation partnership, its businesses may find they have far greater freedom to trade with companies around the world. However, if enterprises in the new EU are reluctant to do business with British firms, the UK companies could face substantial headwinds.
目前，歐盟是英國(guó)最大的貿(mào)易伙伴。如果英國(guó)離開(kāi)，企業(yè)也許會(huì)在與全球其他公司貿(mào)易的時(shí)候更加自由。但是，如果屆時(shí)歐盟的企業(yè)不愿意與英國(guó)的公司開(kāi)展業(yè)務(wù)，那么這些公司可能會(huì)面臨很大的阻力。
Many international companies seem to be erring on the side of caution and drawing up plans to relocate away from the UK and into mainland Europe.
現(xiàn)在，許多跨國(guó)公司都在謹(jǐn)慎行事，并且制定了從英國(guó)遷往歐洲大陸的計(jì)劃。
err on the side of caution：寧求穩(wěn)妥，不愿涉險(xiǎn)
Morgan Stanley has confirmed it is moving up to 10 percent of its United Kingdom workforce, and Goldman Sachs has also shown signs of having itchy feet, gradually increasing its presence in mainland Europe.
摩根士丹利已經(jīng)證實(shí)，正在轉(zhuǎn)移大約10%的英國(guó)員工（去歐洲），高盛公司也有跡象表明要逐漸將重心向歐洲轉(zhuǎn)移。
Tarek Al-Wazir, the economy minister for the state of Hesse in Germany, is confident many companies will relocate to Hamburg.
德國(guó)黑森州（德國(guó)金融之都法蘭克福所在地）的經(jīng)濟(jì)部長(zhǎng)Tarek Al-Wazir坦言，他相信將會(huì)有很多公司搬到漢堡。
? 脫歐對(duì)于中國(guó)意味著什么？
Early in 2018, Xinhua news service reported that Britain was China’s second-largest trading partner within the EU and that China was Britain’s second-largest non-EU trading partner.
新華社在2018年初報(bào)道稱(chēng)，英國(guó)是中國(guó)在歐盟內(nèi)的第二大貿(mào)易伙伴，而中國(guó)也是英國(guó)第二大非歐盟貿(mào)易伙伴。
Tony Samuels, a solicitor and notary public in the city of London, who has worked closely with many of China’s leading financial institutions, told China Daily that, in a turbulent world, the ability to take a broad view, and stability, are two key elements to ensure security. He said these factors make Brexit an opportunity for Sino-British ties to become stronger than ever.
Tony Samuels是倫敦的一名律師和公證人，他與許多中國(guó)金融機(jī)構(gòu)都有密切的合作，他告訴中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)，在這個(gè)動(dòng)蕩的世界里，能夠有更寬廣的視野和更確切的穩(wěn)定性，是保障安全的兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵因素。這些都是使英國(guó)脫歐成為中英關(guān)系發(fā)展更加密切的因素。
“With or without Brexit, Shanghai deals more with London than anywhere else in the world, so pre- or post-Brexit, China is crucial to our trade going forward. The EU and USA are our main trading partners at the moment, but my guess is that in 15 or so years, China might overtake them both.”
“無(wú)論英國(guó)脫歐與否，上海與倫敦的貿(mào)易量遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)世界其他地區(qū)。因此，無(wú)論是在脫歐前還是脫歐后，中國(guó)對(duì)我們的貿(mào)易前景都至關(guān)重要。歐盟和美國(guó)目前是我們主要的貿(mào)易伙伴，但我猜，在15年左右的時(shí)間里中國(guó)可能會(huì)超過(guò)它們?！?/p>
“China is going to be a major player here and vice-versa.”
“中國(guó)將成為這里的主角，英國(guó)之于中國(guó)也一樣。”
“I think Britain will have a specific trade agreement with China, especially in finance and technology.”
“我想英國(guó)和中國(guó)會(huì)達(dá)成一個(gè)特定的貿(mào)易協(xié)議，特別是在金融和技術(shù)方面?！?/p>
“That’s what I’d like to see, a specific agreement with China that works for both countries for many years to come.”
“這就是我希望看到的——與中國(guó)達(dá)成的一項(xiàng)具體協(xié)議，未來(lái)很多年里兩國(guó)都會(huì)受益于這個(gè)協(xié)議。”
（來(lái)源：中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)歐洲分社）
